鹅掌楸和女贞同化CO2和释O2能力的比较

采用LI－6400红外气体分析仪，分别在生长初期、盛期、末期测定鹅掌楸和女贞净光合速率，用重量法测定叶面积。得到女贞的净光合速率、叶面积指数和同化CO2及释O2的能力均大于鹅掌楸的结论，可为城市绿化树种的选择提供依据。     

霍林河矿区生态环境综合整治

阐述了霍林河矿区生活垃圾的特性、城市污水水质特征和生态退化类型。提出了生活垃圾、城市污水和生态退化综合整治措施。     

论矿区土壤环境问题

我国矿山生态环境破坏和环境污染十分严重。文章论述了矿区土壤环境问题的相关概念及相关问题,指出矿区土壤环境问题包括矿区生态破坏和矿区环境污染。分析了矿区土壤环境问题的影响因素识别以及调查研究主要性状识别等普遍性问题。分析了矿区生态修复问题的复杂性,即有的属于典型的土壤环境学科问题,有的属于相关学科问题引发的土壤环境问题要求矿区生态修复研究的多学科交叉与融合。建议淡化矿区复垦土壤的学科问题,强化矿区复垦土壤的科学问题,集成不同学科的修复技术,从源头上控制矿区土壤污染,将有利于我国不同类型矿区土壤环境问题的诊断,以及矿区复垦土壤生产功能、环境功能和生态功能的恢复对策的正确选择。     

隆回县高海拔山区高效生态经济型退耕还林造林模式研究

通过对六种植物配置方式及三种开发模式的对比试验分析，试验出了一种融水土保持效益与经济效益于一体的高效生态经济型造林模式，并探讨了灰毡毛忍冬产量与海拔高度的关系．结果表明：在自然条件恶劣的小沙江高海拔山区，采用金银花(品种为灰毡毛忍冬) 三木药材或其它草本药材，运用景观生态学原理进行设计开发，可获得很好的经济效益与社会效益，并能保持山区的可持续发展．同时还试验出了主栽树种灰毡毛忍冬在海拔1000～1400m之间时经济效益最好．     

Biotic Impoverishment and Homogenization in Unfragmented Forest Understory Communities

Abstract:  Ecological change is often hard to document because of a lack of reliable baseline data. Several recent then-versus-now surveys of temperate forest and grassland communities demonstrate losses of local plant species, but most are based on data from a single site. We resurveyed understory communities in 62 upland forest stands in northern Wisconsin (U.S.A.) for which quantitative baseline data exist from 50 years ago. These stands are within a largely unfragmented region but vary in species composition and successional stage. We collected data on changes in (1) total and native species richness, (2) the ratio of exotic to native species, (3) the relative abundance of habitat generalists, and (4) community similarity among sites. We also compared how these rates of change varied over time. Over the past 50 years, native species density declined an average of 18.5% at the 20-m² scale, whereas the ratio of exotic species to native species increased at 80% of all sites. Habitat generalists increased, and habitat specialists declined, accounting in part for an 8.7% rise in average similarity in species composition among sites. Most of these changes cannot be related to succession, habitat loss, or invasion by exotic species. Areas without deer hunting showed the greatest declines in native species density, with parks and research natural areas faring no better than unprotected stands. Animal-pollinated and animal-dispersed species also declined, particularly at unhunted sites. These results demonstrate the power of quantitative multistand data for assessing ecological change and identify overabundant deer as a key driver of community change. Because maintaining forest habitats alone fails to preserve plant diversity at local scales, local biotic simplification seems likely to continue in the region unless active efforts are taken to protect diversity.     

Detection and delineation of critical areas using echelons and spatial scan statistics with synoptic cellular data

Geographical surveillance for hotspot detection and delineation has become an important area of investigation both in geospatial ecosystem health and in geospatial public health. In order to find critical areas based on synoptic cellular data, geospatial ecosystem health investigations apply recently discovered echelon tools. In order to find elevated rate areas based on synoptic cellular data, geospatial public health investigations apply recently discovered spatial scan statistic tools. The purpose of this paper is to conceptualize a joint role for these together in the spirit of a cross-disciplinary cross-fertilization to accomplish more effective and efficient geographical surveillance for hotspot detection and delineation, and early warning system.     

三峡库区居民膳食结构与重金属摄入水平研究

采用分层多级整群随机抽样方法,经城乡经济排序,并按公共营养学要求,选取地处三峡库区中心位置的重庆市石柱县549户居民作为调查对象,对库区居民膳食结构进行了调查,同时应用总膳食研究方法,采集了当地12类主要蔬菜、肉类、粮食等样品,测定了铅、砷、镉、汞等4种重金属元素含量,分析了库区居民的重金属摄入水平.结果显示,1)除谷类、豆类、薯类和糖类外,城镇居民对其余各类食物的摄入量均高于农村居民的摄入量,城乡居民对谷类、蔬菜、水果、奶制品的摄入量还存在不足;2)库区食物中铅、镉超标较严重,其中乳类、蛋类铅含量分别为允许限量的4.98、4.54倍,砷、汞超标情况相对较轻;3)库区居民通过食物摄入的铅、砷、镉、汞4种有害重金属元素水平均低于相应的ADI值,但城镇居民、农村居民摄入的镉元素水平分别达到ADI值的86.88%和75.35%,应当引起警惕;4)薯类、谷类和蔬菜类食品是库区居民重金属摄入的主要膳食来源.     

蚌、鱼混养在池塘养殖循环经济模式中的净化效能

以TP、TN、PO3-4-P、NO-3-N、NO-2-N、NH 4-N、CODMn、Chla等为主要水质指标研究了在池塘养殖循环经济模式中蚌、鱼混养对主养区养殖废水的净化效能.结果表明:在7月30日到12月2日的5次测定中,除Chla外,其他指标的去除率表现为先升高后降低的趋势.其中NH 4-N在各测定时间的去除率在25.58%～50.82%之间变化,平均去除率为38.05%,8月28日去除率最大,12月2日去除率最小;NO-2-N、NO-3-N、PO3-4-P、TN、TP和CODMn去除率分别在16.95%～45.45%、25.23%～48.48%、18.37%～52.43%、19.47%～49.39%、12.24%～50.00%和31.88%～49.63%之间,平均去除率分别为26.93%、34.75%、36.50%、29.66%、32.49%和41.21%,且均在9月29日去除率达到最大,12月2日降低为最小.蚌、鱼混养对Chla的去除效果明显,平均去除率达83.49%.各测定时间的出水水质综合营养状态指数均明显低于进水.认为蚌、鱼混养对主养区养殖废水具有很好的净化效能.     

The Effect of Fragment Shape and Species' Sensitivity to Habitat Edges on Animal Population Size

Abstract:  Habitat fragmentation causes extinction of local animal populations by decreasing the amount of viable "core" habitat area and increasing edge effects. It is widely accepted that larger fragments make better nature reserves because core-dwelling species have a larger amount of suitable habitat. Nevertheless, fragments in real landscapes have complex, irregular shapes. We modeled the population sizes of species that have a representative range of preferences for or aversions to habitat edges at five spatial scales (within 10, 32, 100, 320, and 1000 m of an edge) in a nation-wide analysis of forest remnants in New Zealand. We hypothesized that the irregular shapes of fragments in real landscapes should generate statistically significant correlations between population density and fragment area, purely as a "geometric" effect of varying species responses to the distribution of edge habitat. Irregularly shaped fragments consistently reduced the population size of core-dwelling species by 10–100%, depending on the scale over which species responded to habitat edges. Moreover, core populations within individual fragments were spatially discontinuous, containing multiple, disjunct populations that inhabited small spatial areas and had reduced population size. The geometric effect was highly nonlinear and depended on the range of fragment sizes sampled and the scale at which species responded to habitat edges. Fragment shape played a strong role in determining population size in fragmented landscapes; thus, habitat restoration efforts may be more effective if they focus on connecting disjunct cores rather than isolated fragments.     

平原河网地区水源地水质对土地利用变化的响应——以黄浦江上游水源地为例

以黄浦江上游水源地为例,利用1999年上海水资源普查数据及2000年初成像的上海市1∶50 000彩红外航空像片,采用G IS空间分析技术、灰色关联分析技术,划分土地利用样带,设计水质改善指数,探讨平原河网地区水环境质量对土地利用结构的响应,以及水源水质对土地利用变化驱动力的响应。结果表明,黄浦江上游水环境质量受到土地利用格局及上游来水的综合影响,各样带工业用地比例与水质改善指数呈极显著负相关(P<0.01),松浦大桥取水口水质与上游来水水质以及水源地当地的工业发展、人口密度等土地利用变化驱动力具有很好的关联性。建议在开展平原河网地区水源保护工作中,应在关注上游来水状况的同时,从土地利用及其社会经济驱动两方面控制水文敏感区域土地开发强度,构筑水源地圈层土地利用格局。